Parkinson’s Disease is a progressive neurological disorder affecting movement, causing stiffness and tremor.  It is  caused by loss of dopamine-producing brain cells in the substantia nigra of the midbrain. Typical treatments include levodopa and dopamine agonists to manage symptoms, but these become less effective with time.  Neurosurgery with deep-brain stimulation electrodes may then be offered. Our stem cell treatment focuses on replacing lost dopamine neurons through our innovative approaches to let them reach the midbrain.  Stem cells may also protect neurons that are missing dopamine and help them function better.  Patients treated with our stem cell approach have often improved significantly and maintained those improvements of long periods of time.